Studies have shown food intolerances affect approximately 20% of the population in industrialized countries, but despite their high prevalence, their exact mechanisms are unknown. Adverse food reactions include food allergies and food intolerances. Unlike food allergies that are characterized by immunological (immunoglobulin E (IgE)) dependent mechanisms, food intolerance is a non-immunological response to food or food components that leads to complaints like abdominal pain, diarrhea, hives, vomiting and eczema.